![]() ![]() Then the panel will supply 200 watts of power at 20% efficiency when subjected to 1kW/m 2 of full sun. ![]() So if we assume that a particular panel is 20% efficient, this means then that 80% of the light energy that reaches the surface of the solar panel is not used.Įvery solar panel has a nominal rated power output measured in “watts-peak”, (Wp) at full sun (1kW/m 2), and in our simple example we assumed the panel to have a peak wattage value of 200 watts. A solar panel’s conversion efficiency is the percentage of power converted from the absorbed sunlight into electrical energy when connected to an electrical circuit. Yes you are correct that panel efficiency without solar concentrators can be less than 20%. Graph of Solar Irradiation During the Day We could plot the daily, monthly or even annual amounts of solar irradiance (power) available for any given location giving us a clearer idea of the minimum and maximum levels available for the generation of electrical energy using photovoltaic panels as shown. So there is a lot of what is called “solar attenuation”, that is the loss of solar irradiance, as it passes through the Earth’s atmosphere before it reaches the Earth’s surface with solar attenuation being greater during the winter months. That’s less than 30% of what arrives at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere. However, when the solar radiation is averaged over the entire 24 hour day and night cycle as well as over a whole year of 365 days, even the best locations receive on average per day only 250–300 W/m 2. The definition of “Peak Sun Hours” (PSH) is therefore the number of hours in time that this full sun solar irradiance light level was received at the panels surface at a measurement of 1.0 kW/m 2. ![]() When dealing with photovoltaic solar panels purely for the generation of solar power, a solar irradiance light level of 1.0 kW/m 2 is known as one “Full Sun”, or commonly “Peak Sun”. Thus at an equatorial location on a clear day around solar noon, the amount of solar radiation measured is around 1000 watts, that is 1000W/m 2 (or 1.0 kW/m 2). Irradiation through the Atmosphereįor example, annual conditions such as the time of year, seasonal and temperature variations, cloudy or overcast conditions, as well as the angle at which the sun’s solar rays strike the ground all influence the amount of solar irradiance available at a particular location.īy the time the sun’s rays pass through our atmosphere and reach the Earths surface at sea level, the maximum solar irradiance across a 1m 2 flat surface at ground level is measured. The scattering and reflecting of the sunlight when passing through the atmosphere decreases the amount of energy which reaches the Earth’s surface due to the climatic conditions at that point. ![]() This irradiance value given by NASA is called the Solar Constant and is used to determine the solar values down on the Earth’s surface.īut the values of irradiance measured across the surface of Earth are much lower than the solar constant. However, the direct distance measured between the Earth and the Sun varies annually thereby causing variations in the amount of solar irradiance energy received during the natural cyclic rotation of the Earth over one full year period.Īccording to NASA, the average irradiance value measured on the edge of space and outside the Earth’s atmosphere on a flat surface positioned perpendicular to the sun is about 1,370 watts per m 2 (that is 1.37 kilowatts). The amount of solar energy per unit area arriving on a surface at a particular angle is called irradiance which is measured in watts per square metre, W/m 2, or kilowatts per square metre, kW/m 2 where 1000 watts equals 1.0 kilowatts. Our sun is an excellent source of radiant energy. ![]()
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![]() ![]() If you've ever scribbled down ideas all over a piece of paper and drawn lines between related thoughts, then you already know what Scapple does. It isn't exactly mind-mapping software-it's more like a freeform text editor that allows you to make notes anywhere on the page and to connect them using straight dotted lines or arrows. Scapple is an easy-to-use tool for getting ideas down as quickly as possible and making connections between them. #SCAPPLE COUPON CODE FOR MAC#If you want a note-taking app that's compatible with your iPhone or iPad, this isn't it.Įditors' note: This is a review of the trial version of Scapple for Mac 1.1. ![]() It remains a worthwhile app, though, but only for those who do all their note-taking on their Mac and don't need to synchronize their notes across devices. While Scapple for Mac possesses an impressive array of features, its lack of device support makes it far less useful than it could have been. The only major downside of this app is its lack of multiple device support - you can only use it on a Mac. Performance-wise, Scapple performs well while keeping its system footprint relatively low. A nice touch is the ability to extend the canvas infinitely in all directions, so you never run out of space. You can also drag files or Web sites into a canvas image files are applied directly, while other files and Web sites are given a link. Commonly used actions can be triggered through intuitive shortcuts: double-click to create a new note and drag one note on top of another to create a link between them. This app can definitely increase your productivity at the office.įollowing a quick installation, Scapple for Mac greets you with a minimal interface. This premium app comes with an impressive array of options for customizing the look and feel of the notes, along with a powerful export feature. Scapple for Mac makes note-taking quick and effortless, and lets you make connections between your notes using a straightforward drag-and-drop action. ![]() ![]() ![]() The solution was a dual or double cable system throttle grip system that found favour in twin-cylinder motorcycles in particular. Hence engineers devised an efficient way to do the job. The previous throttle grip arrangement of operating the spring loaded slide mechanism by a single pull cable was found to be inadequate with the newer CV type of carburettors. A cable operates the slide throttle valve that controls the air volume and indirectly controls the slide’s movements up or down as vacuum is created in the system. These carburettors are very similar to the traditional ones. With these innovations came the efficient Butterfly slide throttle valve type or Constant Velocity (CV) carburettors for motorcycles. Over the years, as machines became more sophisticated and powerful, the fuel delivery system was also improved and technologically modernised. These formats were typical for production motorcycles for many years. With popularity gaining, the early 60s saw the advent of custom machines by specialists.Īpart from advances in the engine department, engineers also looked into ways of improving fuel delivery systems for efficiency and performance.Įarlier, traditional flat or cylindrical slide-operated type of carburettors that worked on the ‘Venturi’ principle wherein the flow of air is forced into narrow tubes to increase its speed and resulting in pressure drop resulting in a suction effect were operated by single-cable twist grips. This was true for motorcycles either with 2-stroke or 4-stroke engines.Īs the motorcycle business began to flourish post WWII, manufacturers began offering motorcycles in various displacements and configurations.Īlong with displacement variants came single, parallel and V- twins, in-line triples, in-line four-cylinders and even six-cylinders. Most motorcycles built in the early days of evolving mechanised 2-wheeler segment came with a single-carburettor set-up fed with a single cable operated throttle system. Interestingly, the first commercial application of the throttle grip on a motorcycle handlebar was done in 1904 by American motorcycle manufacturer Indian Motorcycles. Roper is acknowledged as the creator and guru of the modern twist throttle system that he introduced to the motorcycle world in 1867. In earlier motorcycles, the throttle cable was lever operated, but as it became clear eventually, such an arrangement wasn’t very practical and had its own share of drawbacks.Īfter long deliberation, the current twist grip format was accepted as the best solution almost three decades after it was originally designed.Ĭredit for the modern twist grip throttle system for motorcycle without doubt goes to super talented inventor and builder of automobiles and motorcycles from Boston, Massachusetts in America, Sylvester Roper. ![]() The physical mechanism for throttle control has been experimented over the years with various types of mechanical contraptions. Without this mechanism, it wouldn’t be possible to operate the carburetor valves and control the air-fuel mixture inside the engine. Its operational principle - that is to pull or push the throttle slide inside the carburetor remains unchanged till date. The throttle mechanism in motorcycles that have been around since 1885 has remained as a constant element in its evolution. Specific machines have been designed with specific throttle architecture that complements the set-up and packaging. ![]() While it has a common role, but differs when it comes to application in specific types or classes of motorcycles. ![]() In each bike, the throttle hardware is responsible for controlling the air-to-fuel ratio into the engine. It’s no secret that there are riders who are particularly choosy as to what type of motorcycle they will ride - be it a commuter bike that takes them from point A to point B, a flashy super bike that’s fast and furious on asphalt and track, a dual-purpose on-off road machine or just an adventure bike. Throttle response calibration depends on the overall configuration of the motorcycle. What Is Throttle Mechanism In Motorcycles? A Brief History ![]() ![]()
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So, when a higher-price stock, say $200 per share, gains 1 percent, or $2, it will have a bigger impact on the index that when a $20 stock makes the same gains (1 percent would be only a 2o-cent move).įor example, a 1 percent gain in Visa or IBM would move the Dow Jones much more than similar gains in Johnson & Johnson or McDonald's. The top third of the S&P 500 consists of about 170 stocks.Īlternatively, the Dow's price weighting means a $1 move in any of its 30 stocks will move the index by an equal number of points. One advantage of doing this is that when a company decides to split its stock, it has no impact on the S&P 500 because its market cap remains the same. By calculating the index in this manner, it's a company's total capitalization, not its stock price (as in the Dow) that influences the index. That means each stock influences the index in proportion to its market valuation (the total value of all stock outstanding of a company). The S&P 500 index was originally created in 1957 and was the first U.S. The top five stocks in the S&P 500 index are Apple ( AAPL), Exxon Mobil ( XOM), Microsoft ( MSFT), Johnson & Johnson and General Electric ( GE). For example, they must have an unadjusted market cap of at least $5.3 billion, and they must have positive earnings when you add up the most recent four quarters. ![]() economy.Ĭompanies also must meet certain objective criteria. Again, the goal is to represent the broad U.S. companies also selected by S&P Dow Jones Indices. The high trading volumes and the leverage available have. The S&P 500 index, however, is a market-cap-weighted average and is far more inclusive. The DJIA is the worlds most widely followed stock index and the leading U.S. The top 10 stocks represented in the Dow as of the end of May 2014 are: Visa ( V), IBM ( IBM), Goldman Sachs ( GS), 3M ( MMM), Boeing ( BA), Chevron ( CVX), United Technologies ( UTC), Caterpillar ( CAT), Johnson & Johnson ( JNJ) and McDonald's ( MCD). ![]() ![]() ![]() Steric clashes have been considered by examining the extent of ligand deformation. Explain why hydrogen bonds are stronger than dipole-dipole forces which are. Metallic bonds and dispersio force plus#The London dispersion component has been further deconvoluted to identify the most significant pairwise functional group interactions driving stabilization from noncovalent interactions. Describe metallic bonds: metal ions plus sea of mobile electrons. The energies have been dissected into base electronic, London dispersion, and ligand deformation contributions. To understand this finding and study how the interplay between steric repulsion and dispersive attraction alters metal–metal bond strengths more generally, we have computationally examined Sb–Sb, Sb–Bi, and Bi–Bi σ-bond enthalpies and energies in 21 compounds within the 1,8-bis(silylamido) naphthalenes ligand framework. ![]() ![]() Bulky 1,8-bis(silylamido) naphthalenes were recently used to isolate the first example of Sb–Bi σ-bonds, which was tentatively ascribed to an unexpectedly high degree of interfragment dispersive stabilization. While many studies have explored this concept for hydrocarbon, arene, carbene, and phosphine ligands, it remains minimally explored for amide ligands. There is emerging consensus that stabilization of weak bonds using bulky substituents operates not only by steric shielding but also by boosting the dispersive attraction across the bond. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() However, we’ve also tested LeftHand, Isilon, OpenFiler, iSCSI Target (from Microsoft) and many others (including dozens of appliances) with the Mac. For the purpose of this article we’re going to use the SNS globalSAN software.For the purposes of this howto, we’re using the free version of software called Starwind from RocketDivision. Software based initiators will use the CPU of your system and a built-in or third party standard Ethernet port, but you can also buy a dedicated card which will offload the processing power to the card, which in some cases will be required for various performance reasons. Alternatively you can also look into the Atto Xtend SAN, which runs about $200 for 1 user with volumes discount slashing the prices to about $90 for 100 users. Studio Network Solutions (SNS) provides a software-based iSCSI initiator called globalSAN that can be downloaded and used free of charge from their site. As with Xsan, to get started with iSCSI you’ll need an initiator and a target. #Globalsan activation key mac osWhile you can use pretty much any Ethernet switch, I’d recommend that if you’re going to use iSCSI that you dedicate a switch to it, or use quality switches and build a dedicated VLAN for your iSCSI traffic.Recently, I’ve recently been seeing a lot of traffic about whether or not you can use iSCSI with Mac OS X. This allows you to leverage Ethernet, a low cost network medium to get SAN performance and network based storage. ISCSI is a network storage protocol that allows sending and receiving of SCSI commands over a TCP/IP network. ![]() ![]() ![]()
#WINDOWS TAR GZ UNZIP ARCHIVE#In x mode, changes directoriy after opening the archive but before extracting entries from the archive. In c and r mode, this changes the directory before adding the following files. (what is next after the f is the archive file) v = verbose (optional) the files with relative locations will be displayed.x = eXtract, this indicated an extraction c = create to create ).You may try run the below command in cmd or PowerShell to see if it works: tar xzvf. #WINDOWS TAR GZ UNZIP WINDOWS 10#tar xf file.tar - to uncompressed tar file (.tar) tar xC /var/tmp -f file.tar - to uncompress tar file (.tar) to another directory Windows Command line now supports tar from Windows 10 insider build 17063. p7zip - the port of the command line version of 7-Zip to Linux/Posix. tar.gz) tar xjf 2 - to uncompress a bzip2 tar file (.tbz or. For ZIP and GZIP formats, 7-Zip provides a compression ratio that is 2-10 better than the ratio provided by PKZip and WinZip. Tar xzf - to uncompress a gzip tar file (.tgz or. The program, tar, will uncompress both types and extract the files from archive. Generally that are compressed using gzip or bzip2. #WINDOWS TAR GZ UNZIP INSTALL#Undoubtedly 7-Zip is a very interesting application that you should install on your computer in case you need to constantly access various compressed files. It is even possible to encrypt or password the compressed file with 7-Zip. In this way, you will protect the information that the file contains.Tar file can come compressed or uncompressed. That is how easy it is to create a file in tar format, it should be noted that the previous tutorial is also valid in the event that you want to compress to different file formats. If so, all you have to do is switch from “tar” to any other type of compressed document.
![]() ![]() The WTO also provides a forum for countries to negotiate trade rules and settle economic disputes between them. #WTO NEXT MEETING FREE#Its aim is to promote free trade, which is done through trade agreements that are discussed and signed by the member states. Currently, it has 164 members and 23 observer governments (like Iran, Iraq, Bhutan, Libya etc).Īccording to its rules, all decisions are taken through consensus and any member can exercise a veto. The WTO officially commenced in 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement signed by 124 nations, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The World Trade Organization is the only international organization that deals with the rules of trade between countries. However, certain long-standing issues in the WTO need to be addressed in order for it to regain its dwindling stature, especially after the growing focus towards regional agreements and groupings. India played a significant role in developing consensus on these deals. This includes temporary waivers on COVID-19 vaccines, a moratorium on e-commerce trade, food security and setting limits on harmful fishing subsidies. #WTO NEXT MEETING SERIES#The members of the World Trade Organization agreed to a series of deals the Conference. The 12th Ministerial Conference (MC) of the WTO concluded recently. What are other issues surrounding the WTO?.Why are the current agreements being criticized?.What is the significance of the recent agreements?.What are the key takeaways from the 12th Ministerial Conference of the WTO?.About the World Trade Organization (WTO). #WTO NEXT MEETING PDF#Monthly Current Affairs For UPSC PDF Download.Prelims 2022 Study Material- Learn with ForumIAS.Government | Bills | Acts | Laws | Regulations.Bills and Acts Tracker for UPSC IAS Examination.Analyse trade policies of Member countries such as anti-dumping measures, subsidies, market access, agricultural policies, etc.Main purposes or objectives of the conference are listed below: So far, 11 ministerial conferences have been held. This conference is usually held every two years. WTO Ministerial Conference is the highest decision-making body of the WTO. Two members of WTO will also issue a joint declaration on improving gender-disaggregated data, for ensuring gender-mainstreaming and better trade policymaking in WTO’s development work.Īround 50 civil society from 22 countries are representing in person at MC12 namely Indonesia, India, Philippines, Pakistan, Ghana, Pacific Islands, Morocco, Malawi, Uganda, South Africa, Argentina, Zimbabwe, USA, Brazil, Uruguay, France, Belgium, Norway, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, and the UK.Developed countries are likely to push a “WTO reform” agenda, which threatens the basis of WTO namely multilateralism and consensus.Prohibitions (Temporary in nature) on customs duties on electronic transmissions will also be discussed.Saving Fish Stock- Apart from that, ministers would also take up the issue of fisheries sector, where there is anti-development text in fisheries subsidies.They will discuss about vaccine distribution, trade facilitation, export restrictions, and improved transparency in medical supply chains.Chief of World Trade Organization, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, expressed optimism that over 100 trade ministers would be achieving one or two global deals this week.It was due to take place in 2021 but got postponed due to covid-19 pandemic.The conference will be concluded on June 15, 2022.It is being held at WTO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. ![]() ![]() ![]() You may also be logged out of websites and change website behaviour. If you delete cookies, you may receive notifications (or see them again) asking for your consent. Please note, deleting cookies and opting-out are two different things. ![]() The owner of Pluck was once Bruford, one of Dio Brandos undead minions from Part 1 of JoJos Bizarre Adventure, before the ownership transferred to Jonathan Joestar. Any one can just get a real boxing timer from a local sports stores and keep track of. Sword-Style can be learnt for 10k along with an Ancient Scroll. #Trainer cash real boxing pc portable#
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